The Hundred Years War (1337- 1453)
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The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years War was a long-lasting conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that took place from 1337 to 1453. Despite its name, the war was not a continuous conflict but rather a series of intermittent campaigns, truces, and periods of relative peace.
Causes:
The primary causes of the war can be traced back to a combination of territorial disputes, dynastic claims, and economic factors. England’s King Edward III, through his mother, claimed the French crown, which he believed was rightfully his. Additionally, the French crown had control over several territories in France that were also claimed by the English. Economic tensions, including trade disputes and conflicting interests, further aggravated the situation.
Stages of the War:
The war can be divided into four main stages:
1. Edwardian Phase (1337-1360):
This phase began with Edward III’s claim to the French throne and the English invasion of Normandy. The English achieved several military successes, most notably the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the capture of Calais in 1347. However, by 1360, the war reached a temporary halt with the Treaty of Brétigny, which recognized Edward III’s sovereignty over vast territories in France.
2. Caroline Phase (1369-1389):
This stage saw the resumption of hostilities after a brief period of peace. The French, under the leadership of Charles V, managed to regain many territories lost during the Edwardian Phase. The English faced military setbacks, including the loss of most of their French possessions.
3. Lancastrian Phase (1415-1429):
This phase began with Henry V of England’s invasion of France and the famous English victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The English temporarily gained control over large parts of France, culminating in the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. Under the treaty, Henry V married Charles VI’s daughter and was recognized as the heir to the French throne. However, the tide turned with the arrival of Joan of Arc, who inspired the French and led them to significant victories, ultimately resulting in the expulsion of the English from France, except for Calais.
4. Valois-Burgundian Phase (1429-1453): This final phase witnessed the French monarchy strengthening its position and reclaiming territories from the English. The conflict dragged on for several more years, marked by sieges, battles, and diplomatic maneuvers. The war finally came to an end in 1453 with the French victory at the Battle of Castillon, which expelled the English from their last remaining stronghold in Bordeaux.
Effects:
The Hundred Years’ War had profound consequences for both England and France. The conflict had a devastating impact on the economies and populations of both countries. It also led to significant military developments, such as the increased use of longbows and firearms. Politically, it contributed to the centralization of power in both England and France.
The war also intensified national identities and feelings of patriotism in both countries. In England, it helped foster a sense of Englishness and reinforced the idea of a separate English nation. In France, the war helped solidify the notion of French unity and the power of the monarchy.
Overall, the Hundred Years’ War was a pivotal moment in European history, shaping the future of England and France and contributing to changes in warfare and national identities.
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Other sources: https://www.britannica.com/event/Hundred-Years-War