Nobel Prize 2023 - Winners List, Categories, Names, Fields

Nobel Prize 2023 – Winners List, Categories, Names, Fields

March 13, 2024 witcritic 0

The 2023 Nobel Prizes have been declared recently. The Swedish Academy has awarded the literature prize, the Karolinska Institute has bestowed the physiology or medicine prize, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has granted the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics. The Norwegian Nobel Committee, based in Oslo, has presented the Nobel Peace Prize. The prize money for these awards originates from the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish scientist who established the award.

2023 Nobel Prize Recipients Annually, these esteemed Nobel prizes are distributed to acknowledge individuals and organisations who have demonstrated excellence in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. This year, these six awards have been conferred upon eleven deserving individuals.

List of Nobel Prize 2023

These prestigious Nobel prizes are given out annually to honour individuals and organisations who have excelled in the disciplines, including physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. This year these six awards have been given to eleven deserving personalities.

Field	Nobel Prize Winners	Awarded For
Physiology/Medicine	Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman	mRNA Vaccines
Physics	Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier	Electron dynamics in matter
Chemistry	Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Alexei Ekimov	Discovery and synthesis of quantum dots
Literature	Jon Fosse	For his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”.
Peace	Narges Mohammadi	Fight against women’s oppression in Iran
Economic Sciences	Claudia Goldin	Gender Gap in labour market

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023 Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman have been jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2023 for their “discoveries regarding nucleoside base modification that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.”

The Nobel Laureates

Katalin Kariko (Hungary: University of Pennsylvania, USA
Drew Weissman (USA): University of Pennsylvania, USA

Research

At the University of Pennsylvania, both Weissman and Kariko studied mRNA modification. The investigation into this began in the late 1990s, and a significant discovery was published in 2005.
Karikó and Weissman worked on the effect of the base modification of mRNA on cytokine response by dendritic cells. They proved that the eukaryotic mRNA (abundant base modifications) did not stimulate any immune response while in vitro-transcribed and prokaryotic mRNA did. This is the basis of the m-RNA vaccine development.
The Karolinska Institute, the organisation that gave the award, claims that this research made it possible for Pfizer and Moderna to develop COVID-19 vaccines, one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times.

mRNA COVID Vaccine

Vaccines before the pandemic

Producing protein-, vector-, or whole virus- was time consuming as they require large-scale cell culture.

Vaccines after the COVID-19 pandemic: mRNA vaccines

spike-production-following-mRNA-vaccination-and-recognition-of-spike-by-B-cells

The basis for these vaccines is messenger RNA, or mRNA. The messenger RNA molecules that instruct the body’s cells to produce certain proteins are used in mRNA vaccines.
In this instance, the mRNA is coded to instruct the cells to produce the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes Covid-19 because it enables the virus to enter cells, where it then begins to replicate.
- The immune system is subsequently expected to respond by producing antibodies to combat it.
- These antibodies will remain in the blood and fight the real virus if and when it infects the human body.

Nobel Prize 2023 in Physics

Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 The Nobel Prize 2023 in Physics has been jointly awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

The Nobel Laureates

Pierre Agostini (France): Professor, Ohio State University, USA
Ferenc Krausz (Hungary): Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
Anne L’Huillier (France): Professor, Lund University, Sweden

Experimental Description

The three recipients of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics have provided mankind new resources for examining the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules.

They demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses (lasting in a few attoseconds) of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy.
Images of the activities that take place inside atoms and molecules can be obtained using these brief light pulses.
The researchers were able to study processes that were moving so quickly that it was previously impossible to keep up with them. In order to comprehend and regulate how electrons behave in a material, it is crucial to use this new technology.
Applications:
These short pulses can be applied to test the internal processes and events of matter.
The pulses can be utilised to push molecules that can be used in medical diagnostics such as the early detection of diseases like lung cancer.

Nobel Prize 2023 in Chemistry

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots, Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Alexei I. Ekimov have been given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023.

The Nobel Laureates

Moungi G. Bawendi (France): Professor at MIT, USA.
Louis E. Brus (USA): Professor at Columbia University, New York, USA.
Alexei I. Ekimov (Russia): Formerly Chief Scientist in New York, USA.

Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are tiny particles, in the range of a few nanometers.
Because of their small size, they have distinctive optical characteristics. Their structure and atomic composition are the same as bulk materials, but the properties of quantum dots depend on the size.
Altering the size of quantum dots can change their characteristics, they have different colours according to their size.
Due to the dominance of quantum physical forces at the nanoscale, materials and particles are capable of exhibiting novel, size-dependent properties. On the other hand, gravity and classical physics’ laws rule at the macroscopic scale, just as they do in our daily lives.
Quantum dots are thus bringing the greatest benefit to humankind. Researchers believe that in the future they could contribute to flexible electronics, tiny sensors, thinner solar cells and encrypted quantum communication – so we have just started exploring the potential of these tiny particles.

Modern-day applications of quantum dots:
- To light computer monitors, television screens, LEDs. More colours and brightness result from combining the colours.
- Biochemists can map biological tissues using nanoscale-sized quantum dots.
- To increase the efficiency and absorption of converting solar energy into electricity, quantum dots are also used in photovoltaic cells.
- Some cancer treatments use Quantum dots for targeted drug delivery and other therapeutic procedures. In the area of nanomedicine, this has additional uses.
- Quantum dots can be used as security markers on money and documents.
- They can be used to tag and track objects in general as fluorescent markers.

Nobel Prize in Literature 2023

Nobel Prize in Literature 2023 The 2023 Nobel Prize in literature was awarded to the Norwegian author and dramatist Jon Fosse for his “innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.”

Jon Fosse

Jon Fosse is an author of about 40 plays, as well as books for children, novels, short stories, poetry, and essays. About 50 different languages have versions of his writing.
He is also recognised for his prose.

Nobel Prize in Peace 2023

Nobel Prize in Peace 2023 The Nobel Committee has recently decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize, 2023 to ‘Narges Mohammadi’ for the fight against the discriminatory policy of the theocratic Iran’s regime towards women.

Narges Mohammadi and “Woman – Life – Freedom”

Mohammadi, who has spent the last 20 years serving a number of prison terms, is best known for her fight for freedom and against the mistreatment of Iranian women.
Narges Mohammadi is a human rights advocating Iranian woman, as well as a freedom fighter.
Her struggle for freedom and dignity has not come without tremendous costs.
She has been arrested 13 times, convicted five times, and sentenced for 31 years in total, as well as 154 lashes. Mohammadi is still in jail.
The motto of the demonstrators called – “Woman – Life – Freedom”, was composed by Narges Mohammadi.

Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2023

Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 2023 The “Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences” has recently decided to give the Nobel Prize in Economy 2023 (Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences) to Claudia Goldin, a Harvard University labour economist and economic historian, for working on the “women’s labour market outcomes.”

Claudia Goldin and her Research

Claudia Goldin provided for the first time a comprehensive account of women’s earnings and their labour market participation since the centuries.
She revealed the key drivers of the gender gap in labour market and employment.
She presented new and surprising facts that women’s choices have been limited by marriage and domestic responsibility, family, etc.
Although she accumulated the data from the United States, her insights and model reached across the world due to the findings of similar patterns in many countries.
She showed that the female labour participation forms a U-shaped curve in the entire period (of 200 years).
- The participation of married ones has decreased with the transition from agrarian to industrial society due to the Industrial revolution in the 19th century, but increased due to the growth of the service sector in the early 20th century.
- The gap in the labour participation has increased after the birth of the first child.

FAQs on Nobel Prize 2023

What is the Nobel Prize?

Nobel prize is a prestigious award, given in six disciplines.

How many people have been awarded the Nobel Prize 2023?

Eleven people including four women have received the prestigious Nobel award.

Who have won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Physics?

The Nobel Prize in Physics, 2023 has been awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

Who has won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Chemistry?

For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots, Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Alexei I. Ekimov won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Chemistry.

Who has won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Physiology or Medicine?

Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Physiology or Medicine.

Who has won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Literature?

Norwegian author and dramatist, Jon Fosse won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Literature.

Who has won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Peace?

Narges Mohammadi won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Peace.

Who has won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Economics?

Claudia Goldin, a Harvard University labour economist, won the Nobel Prize 2023 in Economics.

Here are some external links related to the Nobel Prize 2023:

All Nobel Prizes 2023: Explore the winners and discoveries in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economic sciences¹.
Nobel Prize 2023 Winners List: Check the complete list of Nobel Prize winners for all six categories, including Physiology or Medicine and Physics².
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023: Learn about Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman’s groundbreaking discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19³.
2023 Nobel Peace Prize: Discover why Iranian activist Narges Mohammadi received the Nobel Peace Prize for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her advocacy for human rights and freedom⁴.
Nobel Prize 2023 Winners: Read about the achievements, research, and applications of the Nobel Prize laureates in various fields of science and technology⁵.

Feel free to explore these links to learn more about the remarkable contributions of the Nobel Prize winners in 2023! 🌟🏆

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