{"id":316,"date":"2022-08-25T13:49:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T08:19:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/?p=316"},"modified":"2023-06-12T10:10:41","modified_gmt":"2023-06-12T04:40:41","slug":"african-and-caribbean-literatures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/african-and-caribbean-literatures\/","title":{"rendered":"Postcolonial Literature: African and Caribbean"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"316\" class=\"elementor elementor-316\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4eee8e9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4eee8e9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c93de26\" data-id=\"2c93de26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-648e5d07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"648e5d07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"card-title\">Postcolonial Literature: African and Caribbean<\/h1>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>African Literature and Caribbean Literature <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1bcdd4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1bcdd4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0bf1b0\" data-id=\"d0bf1b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d928186 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d928186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?fit=1024%2C467&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-318\" alt=\"African Literature\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?w=2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?resize=300%2C137&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?resize=1024%2C467&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?resize=768%2C350&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Rice_fields_village_Madagascar_featured.jpg?resize=1536%2C700&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3203514 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3203514\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6aeadbd\" data-id=\"6aeadbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f41d67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f41d67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>African Literature <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Africa <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Birthplace of the human species between 8 million and 5 million years ago<\/li>\n<li>Vast continent<\/li>\n<li>Rich and diverse in its culture \u2013 Many languages and religions \u2013 Changing from one country to another as well as within an individual country<\/li>\n<li>Art, music, and oral literature serve to reinforce existing religious and social patterns.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>People of Africa <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Majority of inhabitants are of indigenous origin \u2013 For them, the central unit is the family and the ethnic group<\/li>\n<li>The Westernized minority of indigenous people \u2013 Influenced by European culture and Christianity \u2013 First rejected African traditional culture \u2013 With the rise of African nationalism, a cultural revival occurred<\/li>\n<li>Immigrants \u2013 Arabs, the most numerous immigrants, brought Islam with them \u2013 Europeans came in mid-17th century near the Cape of Good Hope<\/li>\n<li>More Europeans subsequently immigrated, particularly to South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Algeria \u2013 South Asians also arrived during colonial times<\/li>\n<li>Their descendants are found largely in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64f118d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64f118d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77b8188\" data-id=\"77b8188\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cccedc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cccedc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?fit=1024%2C641&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-319\" alt=\"Modern African Literature and Colonialism\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?resize=300%2C188&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?resize=1024%2C641&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?resize=768%2C481&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/header_essay-met-musuem-dt1231.jpg?resize=1536%2C962&amp;ssl=1 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c601fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c601fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4af0581\" data-id=\"4af0581\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ae3a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2ae3a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>African Literature <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Different languages, different genres<\/li>\n<li>Oral \u2013 In African languages \u2013 Performance is an important part<\/li>\n<li>Written \u2013 In Afro-Asiatic and African languages \u2013 Written by Africans in European languages, especially French and English<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Oral Traditions <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oral literatures have flourished in Africa for many centuries \u2013 Folk tales, myths, epics, funeral dirges, praise poems, riddles and proverbs<\/li>\n<li>Earliest African texts date back to Egypt in c. 2300-2100, and were related to burial traditions<\/li>\n<li>The relationship between oral and written traditions is one of great complexity<\/li>\n<li>Modern African literatures resulted from colonial education, with models drawn from Europe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Nature of Orality <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When the storyteller speaks \/ sings \u2013 Time (past) is masked \u2013 The audience&#8217;s present collapses into the semi-conscious past \u2013 History becomes the audience&#8217;s memory, and they relive the past which gives them a new insight into the present \u2013 A sensory union takes place in the merging of the body voice and language \u2013 The fantasy elements of the story constitute the cultural heritage \u2013 Stories are eternally alive, timeless<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5b9813 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b5b9813\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c95d312\" data-id=\"c95d312\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dbbe83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6dbbe83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?fit=1024%2C822&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-320\" alt=\"Modern African Literature and Colonialism\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?w=2560&amp;ssl=1 2560w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C241&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C822&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C616&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C1232&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1643&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83fedd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"83fedd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-162ed9f\" data-id=\"162ed9f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5be2514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5be2514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Modern African Literature and Colonialism <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Modern African literature was produced by colonialism \u2013 The writers who founded the tradition of modern African writing, both in European and indigenous languages, were products of the institutions that colonialism had introduced in the continent \u2013 Colonialism was the most important and enduring theme in their works<\/li>\n<li>Pre-colonial African literature had, of course, been produced outside the institutions of colonialism: oral literature in Arabic, Amharic, Swahili, and other African languages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Literature in English <\/strong>\u2022 Many written works came under the threat of destruction in the colonial period \u2022 Some early works of the 20th century \u2013 <em>Love in Ebony: A West African Romance <\/em>(1932, Liberia) by Charles Cooper aka Varfelli Karlee \u2013 <em>The Palm-Wine Drinkard and His Dead Palm-Wine Tapster in the Deads&#8217; Town <\/em>(1952, Nigeria) by Amos Tutuola \u2022 Literature in English developed mainly in Nigeria \u2013 Under the influence of Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, etc <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f13863d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f13863d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2999cba\" data-id=\"2999cba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96b3ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96b3ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Literature before Achebe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022 <em>The Story of an African Farm <\/em>(1883), the first great South African novel<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 African literature got international attention with Alan Paton&#8217;s <em>Cry, the Beloved Country <\/em>(1948) \u2013 This book was a somewhat paternalistic and sentimental portrayal of Africa<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Frantz Fanon, a psychiatrist from Martinique, became famous through a powerful analysis of racism from the African viewpoint in <em>Black Skin, White Masks <\/em>(1952 in French)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Camara Laye explored the deep psychological ramification of being African in his masterpiece, <em>The Dark Child <\/em>(1953)<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 African literary critic Kofi Awoonor systematically collected and translated into English much of African oral culture and art forms, preserving native African culture <strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Olive Schreiner (1855-1920) <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Liberal and powerful novelist, the first great South-African born writer<\/li>\n<li>Remembered for <em>The Story of an African Farm <\/em>(1883), the first great South African novel<\/li>\n<li>The story of a girl on an isolated farm in the veld (grassland) who struggles for her independence in the face of rigid Boer social conventions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alan Paton (1903-1988) <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>South African novelist, essayist and anti-apartheid activist<\/li>\n<li><em>Cry, the Beloved Country <\/em>(1948) major novel<\/li>\n<li><em>Too Late the Phalarope <\/em>(1953)<\/li>\n<li><em>Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful <\/em>(1981)\u2014contains parallel life stories, letters, speeches, news, legal records, etc. It is historical fiction that gives an accurate account of the resistance movement in South Africa in the 1960s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Frantz Fanon (1925-61) <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Psychiatrist born in Martinique<\/li>\n<li>Lived in France<\/li>\n<li>Supported the Algerian struggle for independence<\/li>\n<li><em>Black Skin, White Masks <\/em>(1952) \u2013 First work \u2013 Written in French \u2013 About the psychology of racism \u2013 Written in response to Leopold Sedar Senghor\u2019s negritude anthology, <em>Black Orpheus <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Other Works <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The Wretched of the Earth <\/em>(1961) \u2013 Written just before his death \u2013 Defends the right for a colonized people to use violence to struggle for independence \u2013 Jean-Paul Sartre wrote the Preface supporting Fanon \u2013 Then banned in France<\/li>\n<li><em>A Dying Colonialism <\/em>(1959)<\/li>\n<li><em>Toward the African Revolution <\/em>(1964)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Camara Laye (1928-1980) <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Writer from Guinea. He worked for the government of newly independent Guinea (1958 onwards), but went into voluntary exile over political issues.<\/li>\n<li>Famous for the autobiographical French novel <em>L&#8217;enfant noir <\/em>(1953) published in English as <em>The African Child <\/em>or <em>The Dark Child<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The story of a young African child, Baba, growing up in Guinea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91b60d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91b60d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f090388\" data-id=\"f090388\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d630e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d630e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?fit=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-325\" alt=\"Apartheid\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?w=2560&amp;ssl=1 2560w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C679&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C509&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C1018&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1358&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Demonstratie_tegen_apartheid_in_Amsterdam_Bestanddeelnr_933-4246-scaled.jpg?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f51893f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f51893f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c379b94\" data-id=\"c379b94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e275aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e275aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>South Africa <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century<\/li>\n<li>English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal<\/li>\n<li>The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War<\/li>\n<li>Following this, the uneasy power relations between the two groups existed until the 1940s, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority<\/li>\n<li>Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Apartheid <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Apartheid is the rigid policy of segregation practised by the white population in South Africa (1948-94)<\/li>\n<li>Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation<\/li>\n<li>From the 60s, a plan of Grand Apartheid was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression<\/li>\n<li>Nelson Mandela led much of the anti-apartheid movement and was jailed for 27 years<\/li>\n<li>Apartheid finally ended in 1994 when Mandela was elected President in a General Election<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>N\u00e9gritude <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A literary and ideological movement, developed by black intellectuals, writers, and politicians in France in the 1930s<\/li>\n<li>Founders of the movement \u2013 L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor (who later became the President of Senegal) \u2013 Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire (poet from Martinique) \u2013 L\u00e9on Damas (from Guyana)<\/li>\n<li>The word <em>n\u00e9gritude <\/em>means negro-ness<\/li>\n<li>Advocate solidarity in a common black identity<\/li>\n<li>Followed a realistic literary style and supported Marxist ideas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d73ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d73ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06b6ccf\" data-id=\"06b6ccf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99be2f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99be2f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Read also:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/cultural-studies\/\">Cultural Studies: Most Famous Books<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/feminism-gender-studies\/\">Feminism &amp;#038; Gender Studies: Famous Books<\/a><\/p>\n<p>other source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/blog\/what-is-postcolonial-literature\/#:~:text=This%20suggests%20that%20postcolonial%20literature,that%20live%20in%20the%20west.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk\/blog\/what-is-postcolonial-literature\/#:~:text=This%20suggests%20that%20postcolonial%20literature,that%20live%20in%20the%20west.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Postcolonial Literature: African and Caribbean \u00a0 African Literature and Caribbean Literature \u00a0 African Literature \u00a0 Africa Birthplace of the human [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":320,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAow3MbQCw:productID":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[297],"tags":[298,305,307,309,303,302,301,300,306,299,304],"class_list":["post-316","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-world-literature","tag-african-literature","tag-alan-paton","tag-black-skin","tag-cry","tag-frantz-fanon","tag-literature-before-achebe","tag-literature-in-english","tag-modern-african-literature-and-colonialism","tag-olive-schreiner","tag-the-nature-of-orality","tag-the-wretched-of-the-earth-1961"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Eugene_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Liberte_guidant_le_peuple-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C2054&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":461,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/african-literature-an-overview\/","url_meta":{"origin":316,"position":0},"title":"African English Literature &#8211; An overview of Great Tradition","author":"witcritic","date":"May 27, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"African English literature African English literature refers to the body of literary works written by authors from Africa or of African descent, who use the English language as a medium of expression. African literature is rich and diverse, reflecting the continent's vast cultural, linguistic, and historical heritage. It encompasses a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"African Literature\"","block_context":{"text":"African Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/tag\/african-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"African","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/images28329.jpeg?fit=500%2C604&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":361,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/ngugi-wa-thiongo-nigerian-writer\/","url_meta":{"origin":316,"position":1},"title":"Ngugi wa Thiong&#8217;o : Nigerian Writer","author":"witcritic","date":"August 27, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Ngugi wa Thiong'o Ng\u0169g\u0129 wa Thiong\u2019o (b. 1938) \u2022 Born in 1938 in Kamiriithu, Kenya\u2022 Formerly wrote in English and now in Gikuyu; founder editor of the Gikuyu-language journal M\u0169t\u0129iri\u2022 Has written novels, plays, short stories, critical essays and children's books\u2022 Embraced Fanonist Marxism and subsequently renounced English, Christianity, and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;World Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"World Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/world-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Ngugi wa Thiong'o","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-26.png?fit=855%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-26.png?fit=855%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-26.png?fit=855%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-26.png?fit=855%2C1200&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":457,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/american-literature-overview\/","url_meta":{"origin":316,"position":2},"title":"American Literature: Periods, Movements and Famous writers","author":"witcritic","date":"May 27, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"American literature1. 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Contemporary Literature (1980s-present):Famous Writers in American Literature American literature American literature refers to the body of written works produced in the United States, ranging from the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;World Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"World Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/world-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside.jpg?fit=800%2C535&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside.jpg?fit=800%2C535&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside.jpg?fit=800%2C535&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Washington_Irving_and_his_Literary_Friends_at_Sunnyside.jpg?fit=800%2C535&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":357,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wole-soyinka-1934-nigerian-writer\/","url_meta":{"origin":316,"position":3},"title":"Life and works of Wole Soyinka (1934) Nigerian Writer","author":"witcritic","date":"August 27, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Wole Soyinka","rel":"","context":"In &quot;World Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"World Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/world-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"wole soyinka","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-25.png?fit=596%2C700&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-25.png?fit=596%2C700&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/image-25.png?fit=596%2C700&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":350,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/nadine-gordimer-1923-2014-african-writer\/","url_meta":{"origin":316,"position":4},"title":"Life and works of Nadine Gordimer (1923-2014):  African writer","author":"witcritic","date":"August 27, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Nadine GordimerNovels\u2022 A Guest of Honour (1970)Some More Novels Nadine Gordimer Nadine Gordimer Nadine Gordimer\u00a0(20 November 1923\u00a0\u2013 13 July 2014) was a South African writer and\u00a0political activist. 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