{"id":22,"date":"2020-07-31T17:37:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-31T12:07:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-07-12T13:08:00","modified_gmt":"2023-07-12T07:38:00","slug":"age-of-revival","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/age-of-revival\/","title":{"rendered":"Age of Revival: English &#038; Scottish Chaucerians"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"22\" class=\"elementor elementor-22\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55ca52ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55ca52ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c9abe88\" data-id=\"2c9abe88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e0d291b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e0d291b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/div><div style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<\/div><div style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><figure style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a style=\"clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/age-2Bof-2BRevival.jpg?ssl=1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/age-2Bof-2BRevival.jpg?resize=240%2C320&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Age of Revival\" width=\"240\" height=\"320\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1024\" data-original-width=\"770\" title=\"\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Age of Revival<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">Age of Revival<\/span><\/strong><\/h1><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">Importance of the age of revival<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/b><\/h3><div><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"mso-tab-count: 1;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">The Age of Revival perceived the facts like\u00a0<b>The War of Roses, Cade Rebellion, Wyatt and Surrey<\/b>introduced the <b>sonnet <\/b>form, and the writings of the <b>English <\/b>and <b>Scottish <\/b>Chaucerian. In this age, focus on classical learning of literature.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;\">According to William J Long,<\/span><\/div><blockquote><p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">\u201cThe 15<sup>th<\/sup>century was an age of preparation, of learning the beginning of science and of getting acquainted with the great ideals, the stern law, the profound philosophy, the suggestive mythology and the noble poetry of the Greek and Romans. So, the mind was furnished with ideas for new literature.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote><h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">Poetic Trends<\/span><\/b><\/h4><div style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'symbol'; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">The pastoral <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">is an important vehicle for satire of court and urban life. Alexander Barclay used this form in his<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">\u00a0 <\/span>five <i style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">Eclogues<\/i><\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/div><div style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style=\"font-family: 'symbol'; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"mso-list: Ignore;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><div style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><!--[endif]--><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Allegorical poetry <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">imitated by English and Scottish Chaucerian.<\/span><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;\"><\/b><\/div><div style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'symbol'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div><div style=\"mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'symbol'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;\">\u00b7<span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><b style=\"text-indent: -18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;\">Ballads <\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman' , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;\">about Robin Hood were being sung from the 14<sup>th<\/sup> century. Most famous ballads of this age were <i>Lamkin, The Wife of Usher\u2019s Well, Chevy Chase and Lord Rantal.<\/i><\/span><\/div><div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01a6903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"01a6903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7818633\" data-id=\"7818633\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4ee61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc4ee61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>English Chaucerians<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>Thomas Hoccleve (1369-1426)<\/strong><\/h4><p>His first work is <em>Letter of Cupid, <\/em>which was published in 1402. And his major poems were <strong><em>The Male Regimen <\/em><\/strong>(autobiographical poem), and <strong><em>The Regiment of Princes (1411-12)<\/em><\/strong>was written for King Henry V, when he was Prince of Wales.<\/p><h4><strong>John Lydgate (1370-1449)<\/strong><\/h4><p>He was a Benedictine monk who belongs to the prestigious Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk. His only prose work, <strong><em>The Serpent of Division, <\/em><\/strong>was published in 1422. And his major poems are <strong><em>The Troy Book (1412-20), The Siege of Thebes (1420-22), <\/em><\/strong>and <strong><em>The Fall of Princes (1431-38).<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em> The Siege of Thebes (1420-22)<\/em><\/strong>elaborates 4540 line exemplum chronicling the disastrous careers of King Oedipus, his sons Eteocles and Polynices, and Creon. In this work poet imagines himself joining Chaucer\u2019s pilgrims in Canterbury and narrate a tale companion to\u00a0<strong><em>The Knight\u2019s Tale.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><h4><strong>Stephen Hawes (1475- 1525)<\/strong><\/h4><p>He was served to King Henry VII of England. His long allegorical poem, <strong><em>The Passetyme of Pleasure (1509), <\/em><\/strong>based on the Knight <strong>Graunde Amoure. <\/strong>His other notable work was <em>The Example of Vertu.<\/em> Written in the form of rhyme royal stanza.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><strong>John Skeleton (1460-1529)<\/strong><\/h4><p>He was a prominent Tudor poet and satirist, <strong>Erasmus <\/strong>called him \u2018the one light and glory of British letters\u2019 because his contribution towards translations of classics and his Latin verses.<\/p><p>His major works are <strong><em>Of the Death of the noble prince King Edward IV (elegy), The Bowge of Court (satire of court), Colin Clout (1521), <\/em><\/strong>and <strong><em>Magnificence (1516).<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><strong>Alexander Barclay (1474-1552)<\/strong><\/h4><p>His most famous work is <strong><em>The Ship of Fools (1509), <\/em><\/strong>is an adaptation of a German satire, <strong>Das Narrenschiff<\/strong>, by Sebastian Brant. This work describes a ship laden with fools setting sail for the fool\u2019s paradise of Narragonia.<\/p><h4><strong>Other English Chaucerian<\/strong><\/h4><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><strong>George Ashby (1390-1475)<\/strong> \u2013 His works are <strong><em>Policy of a Prince<\/em><\/strong>, and <strong><em>Dicts and Sayings of various Philosophers.<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Osbern Bokenham (1393-1463) &#8211;<\/strong> <strong><em>Legends of Holy Women <\/em><\/strong>is collection of verses.<\/li><li><strong>George Ripley (1415-1490)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Thomas Norton (1433-1513)<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Henry Bradshaw (1450-1513)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-08b7185 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"08b7185\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cafa1db\" data-id=\"cafa1db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2723c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2723c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Scottish Chaucerian<\/strong><\/h3><h4><strong>King James I of Scotland (1394-1437)<\/strong><\/h4><p>His love poem <strong><em>The Kingis Quair (The Kings Book, 1435) <\/em><\/strong>focus on James love for <strong>Joan Beaufort, <\/strong>and follows Boethian conventions in portraying his sufferings and his attempts to obtain immortal assistance.<\/p><h4><strong>Robert Henryson (1425-1500) <\/strong><\/h4><p>His major works are<strong> <em>Aesop\u2019s Fables, The Testament of Cresseid, Robene and Makyne, and Orpheus and Eurydice.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>The Testament of Cresseid, <\/em><\/strong>takes the story of Geoffrey Chaucer\u2019s<strong><em> Trolius and Criseyde<\/em><\/strong> and provides his own interpretation of the Story.<\/p><h4><strong>William Dunbar (1460-1520)<\/strong><\/h4><p>He was referred to as \u2018Chaucer of Scotland\u2019. His major poems are <strong><em>The Golden Targe <\/em><\/strong>(dream vision celebrates the victory of love over the golden shield of reason)<strong><em>, The Thrissil and the Rois <\/em><\/strong>(a prothalamium celebrate the marriage of James IV and Margaret Tudor)<strong><em>, Lament for the Makers <\/em><\/strong>( an elegy dedicated to <strong>Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, and Joh Lydgate), and <em>The Dance of Seven Deadly Sins.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4><strong>Gavin Douglas (1475-1522)<\/strong><\/h4><p>Douglas was a Scottish Bishop, translator, and poet, best known for his translation of <strong><em>Virgil&#8217;s Aeneid\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>into scot, the lowlands of Scotland in July 1513.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>He wrote a poem called <b><em>The Palace of Honor, <\/em><\/b>dedicated to James IV.<\/p><h4><strong>Sir David Lyndsay (1490-1555)<\/strong><\/h4><p>His famous work is <i><strong>A Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaits,\u00a0 <\/strong><\/i>the Scottish<em>\u00a0<\/em>play in the genre of morality, which portrays main religious and political problems the era.<\/p><h3>\u00a0<\/h3><h3><strong>New Court Poets<\/strong><\/h3><p><strong>Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Earl of Surrey, Henry Howard (1516-1547)<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f74c50c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f74c50c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cd310d\" data-id=\"6cd310d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6302a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b6302a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"702\" height=\"883\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?fit=702%2C883&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-85\" alt=\"chaucer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?w=702&amp;ssl=1 702w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?resize=239%2C300&amp;ssl=1 239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d052a81\" data-id=\"d052a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073feec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"073feec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/age-of-chaucer\/\">Age of Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf25e8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf25e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2873712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2873712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/age-of-chaucer\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2e9957 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2e9957\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba2407b\" data-id=\"ba2407b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ddfe00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ddfe00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>other sources:<\/p>\n<p>h<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaucer%27s_influence_on_15th-century_Scottish_literature\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight ); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 1rem;\" rel=\"noopener\">ttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaucer%27s_influence_on_15th-century_Scottish_literature<\/a><br><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studocu.com\/in\/document\/university-of-calcutta\/english-literature\/age-of-revival-in-the-fourteenth-century\/24815415\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.studocu.com\/in\/document\/university-of-calcutta\/english-literature\/age-of-revival-in-the-fourteenth-century\/24815415&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/a><br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u00a0 Age of Revival Importance of the age of revival\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Age of Revival perceived the facts like\u00a0The War [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":82,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAow3MbQCw:productID":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[138,137,139],"class_list":["post-22","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-english-literature","tag-english-chaucerians","tag-poetic-trends","tag-scottish-chaucerian"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/age-2Bof-2BRevival.jpg?fit=770%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":24,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/age-of-chaucer\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":0},"title":"Age of Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer","author":"witcritic","date":"July 29, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Age of Chaucer (1340- 1400)Age of Chaucer\u00a0The 14th century in England, during the Middle English period, was a time of significant historical events and social changes. Here are some key highlights:The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453):- A series of conflicts between England and France, with intermittent periods of truce.- It had\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History of English Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History of English Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/history-of-english-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"chaucer","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?fit=702%2C883&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?fit=702%2C883&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?fit=702%2C883&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Portrait_of_Geoffrey_Chaucer.jpg?fit=702%2C883&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2096,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/the-renaissance-period-in-english-literature-1500-1660\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":1},"title":"The Renaissance period in English Literature (1500\u20131660)","author":"witcritic","date":"July 12, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The Renaissance period (1500-1660) The Renaissance period (1500-1660), also referred to as the Early Modern period, can be further divided into four parts: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603), the Jacobean Age (1603-1625), the Caroline Age (1625-1649), and the Commonwealth Period (1649-1660) The Elizabethan Age was a flourishing period for English drama,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History of English Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History of English Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/history-of-english-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"elizabeth","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/elizabeth.png?fit=356%2C331&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2072,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/middle-english-period\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":2},"title":"Middle English Period in english Literature","author":"witcritic","date":"July 12, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Middle English Period The Episcopacy: The Peasantry: The Crusades: Early Middle English Period: Late Middle English period, spanning the 14th to the 16th century Beset with Crises: The Great Famine (1315-1317): The Black Death: Hundred Years' War: The Peasants' Revolt (1381): Fall of Constantinople: Invention of Printing: William Caxton: Wars\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History of English Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History of English Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/history-of-english-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/image-27.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":30,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/renaissance-criticism\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":3},"title":"Renaissance Criticism: The Defence\u00a0of Poetry","author":"witcritic","date":"July 24, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Renaissance Criticism\u00a0The word Renaissance comes from the French \u201cre- \u201c(back or again) and Latin \u201cnascentia\u201d \/French \u201cnaissance\u201d (to be born).According to the Cambridge Dictionary, Renaissance is \u201cnew growth of activity or interest in something\u201d. But the term is used especially with reference to \u201ca new growth or renewed interest in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Literary Criticism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Literary Criticism","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/literary-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Renaissance Criticism","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/renaissance.jpg?fit=397%2C245&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2820,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/caroline-age\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":4},"title":"CAROLINE AGE","author":"witcritic","date":"February 8, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Caroline Age Introduction: The reign of Charles I, the name is derived from \u201cCarolus,\u201d the Latin version of \u201cCharles.\u201d This was the time (caroline age) of the English Civil War fought between the supporters of the king known as \u201cCavaliers\u201d and the supporters of Parliament, known as \u201cRoundheads,\u201d (from their\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History of English Literature&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History of English Literature","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/history-of-english-literature\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":34,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/phases-of-literary-criticism\/","url_meta":{"origin":22,"position":5},"title":"PHASES OF LITERARY CRITICISM","author":"witcritic","date":"July 23, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"PHASES OF LITERARY CRITICISM\u00a0Hellenic Criticism:Criticism follows the creative activity. Generally in Greece, Plato and Aristotle were the most important critics in literature. Aristotle is the first scientific critic, theorist. A study of poetics is therefore a starting point for students of literature.Hellenistic Phase:The close of the 3rd century B.C., Athenian\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Literary Criticism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Literary Criticism","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/literary-criticism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Phases of Literary Criticism","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-za9Ha9ZHYh4\/XyJ6kmvRacI\/AAAAAAAAAZM\/-N54CTYOXwMuYHxBCKpnCP91M7gKTdPMQCLcBGAsYHQ\/w320-h186\/640px-Liji2_no_bg.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2129,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions\/2129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/82"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}