{"id":10,"date":"2020-12-03T14:30:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-03T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2023-06-12T09:15:09","modified_gmt":"2023-06-12T03:45:09","slug":"research-methodology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/research-methodology\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Methodolgy- Elements of Resesrch"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10\" class=\"elementor elementor-10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6977d9f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6977d9f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717d362e\" data-id=\"717d362e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7992fb87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7992fb87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/research-2Bmedhodology.png?ssl=1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" title=\"Research Methodoogy\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/research-2Bmedhodology.png?resize=400%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Research Methodology\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1080\" data-original-width=\"1920\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Research Methodology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<u style=\"color: red; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;\">RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<\/u><\/h1>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .25pt;\"><\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #990000;\"><b>Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #990000;\"><b>It is a discovery of hidden truths.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; color: #990000;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Research<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">can<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">lead<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">new<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">contributions<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">existing<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">knowledge.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; color: #990000;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Research is indeed civilization and determines the economic, social and political development of <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.75pt;\">a<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">nation.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0.25pt; text-align: left;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;\"><u>\u00a0Objectives Research\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/u><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .25pt;\"><\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><b>To discover new facts.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b style=\"background-color: #fff2cc;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to verify and test important<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">facts<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><b>to analyses an event or process or phenomenon to identify the\u00a0 cause\u00a0 and\u00a0 effect\u00a0 relationship\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b style=\"background-color: #fff2cc;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">to<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories to solve and understand scientific and non scientific problems<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #fff2cc; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; text-indent: -21.1pt; top: -0.5pt;\"><b>to find solutions to scientific, non scientific and social problemsand<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b style=\"background-color: #fff2cc;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">To overcome or solve the problems occurring in our everyday<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">life.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0.25pt; text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;\"><u style=\"background-color: #fff2cc;\">\u00a0Elements of Research\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0.25pt; text-align: left;\"><\/p>\n\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\">Empirical<\/b>: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><b style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\">Logical<\/b>: Research must be based on <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">valid <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">procedures and<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">principles.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\"><b>Cyclical<\/b><\/span>: Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">The<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">result of research can be negative, positive or even nil.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><b style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\">Analytical<\/b>: Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0descriptive, and experimental and case study.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\"><b>Critical<\/b><\/span>: Research exhibits careful and precise<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">judgment.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><b style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\">Methodical<\/b>: Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">and<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">procedures.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"background-color: #fcff01;\"><b>Reliability<\/b><\/span>: The researchdesign and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.3pt;\">to<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">arrive at <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">valid <\/span>and conclusive results.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 0.25pt; text-align: left;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #20124d; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\"><b><span style=\"color: white;\">\u00a0Types of Research\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 0.25pt; text-align: left;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Fundamental<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"><b>or basic research<\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #20124d;\">:<\/span> <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">Fundamental<\/span> researchis also knownas basis research. If the<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0goal of the research is to find out the basic truth or principles, it is called as fundamental or basic research. This type of research is carried out in a laboratory or other sterile environment, sometimeswith animals also.Examples of fundamental research Newton <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">Law.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"><b>Applied research<\/b><\/span>: most of the characteristics of fundamental research is found in <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">applied\u00a0<\/span>research. This type of research <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">involves <\/span>finding new applications of scientific knowledge to <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.25pt;\">the <\/span>solution of a problem such as\u00a0 development of the new system, new device or new methods\u00a0\u00a0 or tools in order to solve the problem.\u00a0 Mind it, most of the educational research falls under\u00a0 the category of applied research.<span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"><b>Action research<\/b><\/span>: action research is used to solve an immediate application, not on the<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0development of theory or general application. If the researcher finds any problem at time of his fields, investigation and observation, the researcher appliesaction research at that <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">time.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\"><b>Historical research<\/b><\/span>: Historical research talks about the past. In this type of research we <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">need<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">investigation, recording, analyzing and interpreting the events of the past for the purpose of discovering generalization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><b><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\">Quantitative descriptive research<\/span><\/b>: This method is used to describe what is being described,<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0recording, analyzing, and interpreting conditions that make this around ours. It is used to discover the relationship between non-manipulated existing variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><b><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\">Qualitative descriptive research<\/span><\/b>: This type of research use non-quantitative methods. <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">This <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">method of research is used to discover non-quantified relationship between existing variable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><b><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\">Experimental research<\/span><\/b>: It describes <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">\u201cwhat <\/span>will happen\u201d in the future if certain variables are<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0carefully controlled and manipulated. Main focus of this kind of research is to find out <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.25pt;\">the <\/span>relationship between variables.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"background-color: #04ff00; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Qualities of Researcher\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b>Must be of the temperament that vibrates in unison with the theme which he is searching.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b>Intelligence about subject matter of research.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b>Must having knowledge of research methodology.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b>Must possess an alert mind.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b><span style=\"font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Must have immense courage and a sense of conviction.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #274e13;\"><b>Should cultivatethe habit of reserving judgment when the required data are insufficient.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"background-color: #4c1130;\"><span style=\"color: white;\">\u00a0Research Design\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0The <span lang=\"EN-US\">research design <span style=\"color: #212121;\">refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the <\/span>research <span style=\"color: #212121;\">problem, it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0.05pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: white; font-size: large;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #a64d79;\">\u00a0Types of Research Design\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0.05pt; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Exploratory Research Design ( Formative research<span style=\"letter-spacing: 1.95pt;\">\u00a0<\/span>Design)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: justify; top: -0.5pt;\">The main objective of using such a research design is to formulate a research problem for an in-depth\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2.6pt; text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;\">or more precise investigation, or for developing a working hypothesis from an operational aspect. The major purpose of such studies is the discovery of ideas and insights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Therefore, such a researchdesign suitable for such a study shouldbe flexible enoughto provide <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">the<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">opportunity for considering different dimensions of the problem under study.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The inbuilt flexibility in research design is required as the\u00a0 initial\u00a0 research\u00a0 problem\u00a0 would\u00a0 be<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0transformed into a more precise one in the exploratory study, which in turn may necessitate changes <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.3pt;\">in <\/span>the research procedure for collecting relevant data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Usually, the following three methods are considered in the contextof a research design for <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">such<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">studies. They are<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">\u00d8<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">a survey of related literature;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">\u00d8<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">experience survey; and<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: .15pt;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">\u00d8<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">analysis of \u2018insight stimulating\u2019 instances.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #ff00fe;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">2.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Descriptive And Diagnostic Research<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Design<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">A Descriptive Research Design is concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0individual or a group.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7 A<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">\u00a0diagnostic research design determines the frequency with which a variable occurs or its relationship<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0with another variable.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify;\">\u00b7 T<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: inherit;\">he<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; text-align: justify; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: -.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/span>study analyzing whethera certain variableis associated with another comprises a diagnostic<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify;\">\u00a0research study. On the other hand, a study that is concernedwith specific predictions or with <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">the <\/span>narration of facts and characteristics relatedto an individual, group or situation, are instances of descriptive research studies.<\/span>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">3.\u00a0<\/span><b><span style=\"color: #ff00fe;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Hypothesis-Testing Research<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Design<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Hypothesis-Testing Research Designs are those in which the researcher tests the hypothesis of <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">the<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">causal relationship between two or more variables.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">These studiesrequire procedures that would not only decreasebias and enhancereliability, but <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">also<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">facilitate deriving inferences about the causality.<\/span>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"background-color: #01ffff; text-align: center;\">\u00a0IMPORTANT TERMNOLOGY IN RESEARCH\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: white;\"><span style=\"background-color: #6aa84f;\">Dependent and<\/span> <span style=\"background-color: #6aa84f;\">Independent Variables<\/span><\/span><span style=\"background-color: #6aa84f; color: #01ffff;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">A magnitude that varies is known as a variable. The concept may assume different quantitative values like height, weight, income etc. Qualitative variables are not quanti<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">fi<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">able in the strictest sense of the<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0term.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The phenomena that assume different values quantitatively even in decimal points are known <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.3pt;\">as<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u2018continuous variables\u2019. But all variablesneed not be continuous.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Values that can be expressed only in integer values are called \u2018non-continuous variables\u2019. In statistical<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0terms, they are also known as \u2018discrete variables\u2019.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">When changes in one variable depending upon the changes in other variable or variables, it is <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">known\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">as a dependent or endogenous variable, and the variables that cause the changes in the dependent variable are known as the independent or explanatory or exogenous variables.<\/span>\n\n<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The independent variables which are not directly related to the purpose of the study but affect <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">the<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">dependent variables are known as extraneous variables.<\/span>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Control<\/span>&#8211; One of the most important features of a good research design is to minimize the effect of the extraneous variable(s). Technically, the term \u2018control\u2019 is used when a researcher designs the study in such a manner that minimizes the effects of extraneous variables.<\/h4>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"background-color: #674ea7;\"><span style=\"color: white;\">Research Hypothesis\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n<b style=\"background-color: black;\"><span style=\"color: white;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is testedby adopting scientific methods, it is <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">known<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">as the research hypothesis.<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n\n<b style=\"background-color: black;\"><span style=\"color: white;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The researchhypothesis is a predictive statementwhich relates to a dependentvariable and <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.3pt;\">an<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">independent variable.<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n\n<b style=\"background-color: black;\"><span style=\"color: white;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">Whereas the relationships that are assumed but not to be tested are predictive statements that are <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.2pt;\">not <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to be objectively verified,thus are not classified as research hypotheses.<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n\n<b style=\"background-color: black;\"><span style=\"color: white;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Symbol;\">\u00b7\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The researchin which the independent variableis manipulated is known as \u2018experimental hypothesis-<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0testing research\u2019, whereasthe research in which the independent variableis not manipulated is termed as \u2018non-experimental hypothesis-testing research.<\/span><\/span><\/b>\n\n<span style=\"background-color: #9fc5e8; text-indent: 3.05pt;\"><b>Experimental And Control Groups :-\u00a0<\/b><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">When a group is exposed to usual conditions in experimental hypothesis-testing<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">research,<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">it<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">is<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">known<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">as<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">\u2018control<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">group\u2019.<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">On<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">other<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">hand,<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">when<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">group<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">is<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">exposed<\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.55pt; text-indent: 3.05pt;\">a <\/span><span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">certain new or special condition, it is known as an \u2018experimental<\/span> <span style=\"text-indent: 3.05pt;\">group\u2019.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<b>Treatments<\/b> :-\n\n<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Treatments refer to the different conditions to which the experimental and control groups are subject to.<\/span>\n\n<b>Experiment :-<\/b>\n\n<span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Experiment refers to the process of verifying the truth of a statistical hypothesis relating to a given research problem.<\/span>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>Hypothesis<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"color: #4c1130; font-size: medium;\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">The hypothesis may be definedas a proposition or a set of propositions set<span style=\"letter-spacing: -.35pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\">forth as an explanation for<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation in the light of facts(Kothari, 1988).<\/span><\/b><\/span>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><b style=\"background-color: #ffd966;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Essential features about<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Hypothesis:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b>must <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">be<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">capable<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">being<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">put<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">test.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">must<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">state<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">relationship<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">between<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">two<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">variables,<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">case<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">relational<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">hypotheses.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">must be specific and limited in<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">scope.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">must<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">be<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">stated<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">simplest<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">language,<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">make<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">it<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">understood<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">by<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">all<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">concerned.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">must<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">be<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">consistent<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">derived<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">from<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">most<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">known<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">facts<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; position: relative; top: -0.5pt;\"><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b>must be amenable to testing within a stipulated or reasonable period.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #800180;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">should<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">state<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">facts<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">that<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">give<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">rise<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">necessity<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">looking<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">for<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">an<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">explanation.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Sampling<\/span><\/h3>\n<div><b style=\"background-color: #cfe2f3;\"><span style=\"color: #2b00fe;\">Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">taken <\/span>from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis being performed,but it may include simple random sampling or systematic sampling.<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><u><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/u><\/div>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><u><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-color: #04ff00;\"><b>\u00a0METHODS OF SAMPLING\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/u><\/h4>\n<div><b>Probability Sampling Methods<\/b><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"color: red;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">1.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Simple random<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: medium;\">In this case each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal <span style=\"letter-spacing: 2.6pt;\">\u00a0<\/span>chance, or probability, of being selected. One way of obtaining a random sample is to give each individual in <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.55pt;\">a <\/span>population a number, and then use a table of random numbers to decide which individuals to include.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: red;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: red;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">2.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Systematic<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #444444; font-size: medium;\">Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame. The intervals are chosen to ensure<span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\"> an <\/span>adequate sample size. If you need a sample size <i>n\u00a0<\/i>from a population of size <i><span style=\"letter-spacing: -1.5pt;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"letter-spacing: -1.5pt;\">, <\/span>you should select\u00a0<span lang=\"EN-US\">every<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <i>x\/<span style=\"letter-spacing: -2.95pt;\">n<\/span><\/i><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;\">th<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;\">\u00a0 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">individual<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> for the sample.\u00a0 For example, if you wanted a sample size of 100 from a population of 1000, select every 1000\/100 = 10<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -4.5pt;\">th <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">member of the sampling frame.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: red;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">3.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Stratified<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: red;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic. <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\">It\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different\u00a0\u00a0 subgroups,and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"color: red;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">4.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Clustered<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"color: red;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In a clustered sample,subgroups of the population are used as the samplingunit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into subgroups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in the study. Clustersare usually alreadydefined, for exampleindividual GP practicesor towns couldbe identified <span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.3pt;\">as <\/span>clusters. In single-stage clustersampling, all membersof the chosen clusters are then includedin the study. In two-stage clustersampling, a selectionof individuals from each clusteris then randomly selected for inclusion. Clustering should be taken into account in theanalysis.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"background-color: #fff2cc; color: #351c75;\">\u00a0Non-Probability Sampling Methods\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<div><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">1.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Convenience<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">Convenience sampling is perhaps the easiest method of sampling, because participants are selected <\/span><span style=\"color: #666666; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;\">based\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">on availability and willingness to take part. Useful results can be obtained, but the results are prone to significant<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">bias<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">2.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Quota<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">This method of sampling is often used by market researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a specified type to attempt to recruit.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">3.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Judgement (or Purposive)<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Sampling<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">Also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this technique relies on the judgment\u00a0of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><b><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">4.<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">Snowball<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -12.25pt;\">sampling<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #666666;\">This method is commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to-reach groups. Existing subjects<\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"color: #666666; letter-spacing: 2.6pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">are<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">asked<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">nominate<\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">further<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">subjects<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">known<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">them,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">so<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">sample<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">increases<\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">size<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">like<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"color: #666666;\">rolling<\/span><span style=\"color: #666666;\">snowball.<\/span><\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><u><span lang=\"EN-US\"><b><span style=\"color: red;\">Bias in sampling<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/u><\/h3>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"color: #741b47;\">There are five important potential sources of bias that should be considered when selecting a sample, irrespective of the method used. Sampling bias may be introduced when:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">1.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Any pre-agreed sampling rules are deviated from<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">2.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">People in hard-to-reach groups are omitted<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">3.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">Selected individuals are replaced with others, for example if they are difficult to contact<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">4.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">There are low response rates<\/span><\/div>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">5.<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"color: #666666; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;\">An out-of-date list is used as the sample frame (for example, if it excludes people who have recently <span style=\"letter-spacing: -.15pt;\">moved\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>to an area)<a name=\"more\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-188561d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"188561d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c526fa1\" data-id=\"c526fa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-057f3af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"057f3af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Also read<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/important-ict-abbreviations-in-ugc-net\/\">100+ important ICT Abbreviations in Computer\u00a0<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/teaching-aptitude\/\">Teaching Aptitude: Objectives &amp;#038; Characteristics<\/a><\/p><p>other sources:<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.wits.ac.za\/c.php?g=693518&amp;p=4914913\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/libguides.wits.ac.za\/c.php?g=693518&amp;p=4914913<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Methodology \u00a0RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":42,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAow3MbQCw:productID":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[13,12,10,11],"class_list":["post-10","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ugc-net","tag-fundamental-research","tag-research","tag-research-methodology","tag-ugc-net"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/research-2Bmedhodology.png?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":23,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/syllabus\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":0},"title":"UGC NTA NET: English Syllabus Latest","author":"witcritic","date":"July 31, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"English Syllabus UGC NTA NET UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NET BUREAU NET SYLLABUS Subject: English Code No. : 30 \u00a0 Unit \u2013I: Drama \u00a0 Unit \u2013II: Poetry \u00a0 Unit \u2013III: Fiction, short story \u00a0 Unit \u2013IV: Non-Fictional Prose \u00a0 Unit \u2013V: Language: Basic concepts, theories and pedagogy, English in Use. \u00a0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"English Syllabus\"","block_context":{"text":"English Syllabus","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/tag\/english-syllabus\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"ugc net","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/NTA-logo.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/NTA-logo.jpeg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/NTA-logo.jpeg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1885,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/can-i-pursue-a-phd-admission-2023-2024-without-qualifying-the-net-or-jrf-you-should-follow-the-important-steps\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":1},"title":"Can I pursue a PhD admission 2023-2024 without qualifying the NET or JRF, You should follow the important steps","author":"witcritic","date":"July 4, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"PhD admission without JRFWhat is a PhD Degree?The eligibility criteria for pursuing a Ph.D. degree in India are as follows: Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)To pursue a Ph.D. program without a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), you can follow these steps:There are several advantages of pursuing a Ph.D. without a Junior Research\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"wit critic PhD admission","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/phd-admission.jpg?fit=906%2C633&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/phd-admission.jpg?fit=906%2C633&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/phd-admission.jpg?fit=906%2C633&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/phd-admission.jpg?fit=906%2C633&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2439,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/ugc-net-result-2023-check-official-site-to-get-results-cut-off-merit-list\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":2},"title":"ugc net result 2023 Check Official site to get results, cut-off &#038; Merit list","author":"witcritic","date":"July 21, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"The National Testing Agency (NTA) has declared the UGC NET Result 2023. Aspirants who took the UGC NET Exam conducted from 13th to 22nd June 2023 can now view their results on the official website, https:\/\/ugcnet.nta.nic.in. To check their results, candidates are required to provide their login details, including Application\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ugc net&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ugc net","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/ugc-net\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ugc-net-result-2023-1.png?fit=625%2C374&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ugc-net-result-2023-1.png?fit=625%2C374&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ugc-net-result-2023-1.png?fit=625%2C374&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1912,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/ugc-net-cutoff-2023-percentage-persentaile-scores-june-for-all-subjects-by-nta-download-pdf\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":3},"title":"UGC NET Cutoff 2023 June Percentage and Persentaile Scores for all Subjects Download pdf","author":"witcritic","date":"July 7, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"UGC NET Cutoff 2023UGC NET Subject Wise Cut Off 2023UGC NET Previous Year Cutoff 2023UGC NET Minimum Qualifying Marks 2023UGC NET Expected Cut off Marks 2023To obtain the UGC NET 2023 Answer Key, follow the instructions below:To utilize the NTA UGC NET Answer Key 2023 effectively, follow these steps:How to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"UGC NET Cutoff 2023","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/UGC-NET-Answer-Key-1.png?fit=1200%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/UGC-NET-Answer-Key-1.png?fit=1200%2C768&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/UGC-NET-Answer-Key-1.png?fit=1200%2C768&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/UGC-NET-Answer-Key-1.png?fit=1200%2C768&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/UGC-NET-Answer-Key-1.png?fit=1200%2C768&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2531,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/cracking-the-ugc-net-exam-2023-tips-plans-and-strategies-for-preparing-the-way-to-success\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":4},"title":"Cracking the UGC-NET Exam 2024: Tips, plans and strategies for preparing the way to success","author":"witcritic","date":"December 2, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"UGC Net The text discusses tips and strategies for successfully cracking the UGC-NET Exam in 2024. Here's a breakdown of the contents:1. **Introduction to UGC-NET Exam:** - Conducted twice a year in June and December. - Covers over eighty subjects across India. - Determines eligibility for Assistant Professors and Junior\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;News&quot;","block_context":{"text":"News","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/news\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/picsart_23-12-02_00-56-09-5595331493700208144146.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/picsart_23-12-02_00-56-09-5595331493700208144146.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/picsart_23-12-02_00-56-09-5595331493700208144146.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/picsart_23-12-02_00-56-09-5595331493700208144146.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/picsart_23-12-02_00-56-09-5595331493700208144146.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":11,"url":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/teaching-methodology\/","url_meta":{"origin":10,"position":5},"title":"Teaching Methodology: Methods and Principles","author":"witcritic","date":"October 11, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Teaching Methodology There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorized into four broad types. Teacher-centered methods, Learner-centered methods, Content-focused methods and Interactive\/participative methods. \u00a0 Instructor\/Teacher Centered Methods Here the teacher casts himself\/herself in the role of being a master of the subject matter. The teacher is looked\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ugc net&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ugc net","link":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/category\/ugc-net\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Teaching Methodology","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Teaching-Aptitude.png?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Teaching-Aptitude.png?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Teaching-Aptitude.png?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/witcritic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Teaching-Aptitude.png?fit=1024%2C576&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1228,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10\/revisions\/1228"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/witcritic.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}